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Versus de Verona
The ''Versus de Verona'', also ''Carmen Pipinianum'' or ''Rhythmus Pipinianus'' (''Ritmo Pipiniano''), formed a medieval Latin poetic encomium on the city of Verona, composed during the Carolingian Renaissance, between 795 and 806. It was modeled on the ''Versum de Mediolano Civitate'' (c.738), which is preserved today only in a Veronese manuscript. The anonymous ''Versus'' have been ascribed to Pacificus, archdeacon at Verona from 803 until his death in 846, but this ascription is unlikely.〔Peter Godman (1985), ''Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 29–31 (analysis), 180–187 (poem, with translation).〕 The poem consists of thirty-three strophes and three verses.
== Context and content ==
Contextually, the ''Versus'' were composed in a city that had undergone a recent ecclesiastical reform—under its bishops Eginus (c.780) and Ratold (799)—and the establishment of an abbey and basilica dedicated to the patron Saint Zeno outside the walls of the city and the establishment of the orthodox Cathedral of Maria Matricolare within the walls. In 799 Pippin of Italy had moved his royal court from Pavia to Verona.〔Pippin receives high praise in lines 94–96. The ''De Pippini regis Victoria Avarica'' (c.796) was also composed at Verona to praise Pippin around this same time.〕 At the time Verona possessed newly rebuilt walls, studded with forty regular towers and eighth tall ones at the gates, referred to in lines 4–6. The poet of the ''Versus'', probably a monk, stresses not only the glory of Verona's Christian present, but departs from his model, the ''Versum'', to praise its pagan past: ''fana, tempora, constructa a deorum nomina'' ("its shrines and temples were built and dedicated to the gods", line 13). The monuments specifically referred to are the Roman amphitheatre and the Ponte di Pietra.〔 The ''Versus'' can form a valuable source for early medieval Verona, since the city was partially destroyed by the earthquake of 3 January 1117.
In lines 22–24, the Veronese poet does lament the evil of the city's pagan founders. Thereafter the ''Versus'' is dedicated to the thirty-five saints, forty martyrs, and twelve apostles associated with Verona.〔This portion of the poem takes the form of a pilgrim's itinerary.〕 The list of Veronese bishops after line 40 does not appear to be based on the earlier ''Sermo de Vita S. Zenonis'' or ''Vita Zenonis'', but is similar to a list of bishops embroidered on the ''Velo di Classe'' of bishop Anno (''c''.760). The return of the relics of Firmus and Rusticus, which had first been taken to Africa, then to Capodistria and finally to Trieste, before bishop Anno brought them back around 760 and re-buried them in their original sarcophagus, inspired reference to these saints.〔The ''Translatio sancti Firmi et Rustici'' which recounts this story was only written down in the tenth century.〕 The anonymous poet, in competition with Milan, lists some Milanese saints (lines 63–64) and some cities which praise Verona, "the gateway to the bounds of Liguria": Aquileia, Mantua, Brescia, Pavia, Rome, and Ravenna; Milan is notably omitted.〔
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